<p>在Linux系统中挂载新硬盘需要经过以下步骤：</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="识别新硬盘"><strong>1. 识别新硬盘</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> fdisk <span class="at">-l</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>或使用 <code>lsblk</code> 查看新硬盘设备名（如
<code>/dev/sdb</code>、<code>/dev/nvme0n1</code> 等）。</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="分区可选"><strong>2. 分区（可选）</strong></h3>
<blockquote>
<p>如果硬盘未分区或需重新分区：</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> fdisk /dev/sdX <span class="co"># 替换 sdX 为您的硬盘设备名</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>输入 <code>n</code> 创建新分区</li>
<li>选择分区类型（默认主分区）</li>
<li>设置分区大小（默认全盘）</li>
<li>输入 <code>w</code> 保存分区表</li>
<li>完成后生成分区设备（如 <code>/dev/sdb1</code>）</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：若使用整块硬盘不分区（如做裸盘存储），可直接跳到第3步格式化整个硬盘（设备名为
<code>/dev/sdb</code> 而非 <code>/dev/sdb1</code>）。</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3 id="格式化分区"><strong>3. 格式化分区</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mkfs <span class="at">-t</span> ext4 /dev/sdX1 <span class="co"># 替换为实际分区名，格式化为 ext4 文件系统</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><p>可选其他文件系统：<code>xfs</code>（高性能）或
<code>btrfs</code>（高级特性）</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mkfs <span class="at">-t</span> xfs /dev/sdX1 <span class="co"># 格式化为 XFS</span></span></code></pre></div></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="创建挂载目录"><strong>4. 创建挂载目录</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mkdir /mnt/new_disk <span class="co"># 替换 `/mnt/new_disk` 为您的挂载路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
<hr>
<h3 id="临时挂载"><strong>5. 临时挂载</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt/new_disk</span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>验证挂载：<code>df -hT | grep new_disk</code></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="设置开机自动挂载"><strong>6. 设置开机自动挂载</strong></h3>
<p>编辑 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 文件：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> vim /etc/fstab</span></code></pre></div>
<p>添加一行：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">/dev/sdX1</span> /mnt/new_disk ext4 defaults 0 0</span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>若使用 XFS 则替换 <code>ext4</code> 为 <code>xfs</code></li>
<li><strong>重要</strong>：使用 <code>UUID</code>
更安全（避免设备名变化）：
<ol type="1">
<li>获取 UUID：<code>sudo blkid /dev/sdX1</code></li>
<li>替换为：<code>UUID=xxxx-xxxx-xxxx /mnt/new_disk ext4 defaults 0 0</code></li>
</ol></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="验证-fstab-配置"><strong>7. 验证 fstab 配置</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mount <span class="at">-a</span> <span class="co"># 测试挂载是否正确</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>无报错即表示配置成功。</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="完整流程示例"><strong>完整流程示例</strong></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 查看硬盘</span></span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> fdisk <span class="at">-l</span></span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 分区（假设新硬盘为 /dev/sdb）</span></span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> fdisk /dev/sdb</span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">n</span> → p → 回车（默认分区号）→ 回车（起始扇区）→ 回车（结束扇区）→ w</span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 格式化</span></span>
<span id="cb10-9"><a href="#cb10-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mkfs <span class="at">-t</span> ext4 /dev/sdb1</span>
<span id="cb10-10"><a href="#cb10-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-11"><a href="#cb10-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 创建挂载点</span></span>
<span id="cb10-12"><a href="#cb10-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mkdir /data</span>
<span id="cb10-13"><a href="#cb10-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-14"><a href="#cb10-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 临时挂载</span></span>
<span id="cb10-15"><a href="#cb10-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mount /dev/sdb1 /data</span>
<span id="cb10-16"><a href="#cb10-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-17"><a href="#cb10-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 开机挂载（使用 UUID）</span></span>
<span id="cb10-18"><a href="#cb10-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">echo</span> <span class="st">"UUID=</span><span class="va">$(</span><span class="fu">sudo</span> blkid <span class="at">-s</span> UUID <span class="at">-o</span> value /dev/sdb1<span class="va">)</span><span class="st"> /data ext4 defaults 0 0"</span> <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">sudo</span> tee <span class="at">-a</span> /etc/fstab</span>
<span id="cb10-19"><a href="#cb10-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-20"><a href="#cb10-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 验证</span></span>
<span id="cb10-21"><a href="#cb10-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> mount <span class="at">-a</span></span>
<span id="cb10-22"><a href="#cb10-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">df</span> <span class="at">-hT</span> /data</span></code></pre></div>
<hr>
<h3 id="关键注意事项"><strong>关键注意事项</strong></h3>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>确认设备名</strong>：务必通过 <code>fdisk -l</code>
确认是新硬盘，避免误操作覆盖已有数据！</li>
<li><strong>数据安全</strong>：分区和格式化会<strong>永久删除数据</strong>，操作前请备份。</li>
<li><strong>云服务器场景</strong>：如果是云服务器（如阿里云ECS），需先在控制台挂载云盘，再执行系统内操作。</li>
<li><strong>大容量硬盘</strong>：建议使用 <code>parted</code>
工具分区（支持 >2TB 硬盘）。</li>
</ol>
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